Let’s start with a surprising statistic: global greenhouse gas emissions from ICT are comparable to those of the aviation industry[1], each generating around 2% of global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)[2]. Admittedly aviation emissions have a greater impact on climate as they are released in the upper atmosphere but nonetheless this statistic certainly places ICT into context as a global contributor to climate change and demonstrates a key area that we must target for change.
The irony is that ICT can and should be used to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions in other sectors, such as transport and manufacturing. Indeed, within FE and HE, ICT is becoming ever more ubiquitous, providing many benefits such as improving accessibility for disadvantaged groups and reducing environmental impacts by substituting virtual for physical activities. The downside to this is that as the use of ICT grows, its emissions are likely to increase despite improvements in efficiency. It’s estimated that ICT will be responsible for 3% of global emissions by 2020.[3]
Within FE and HE, a recent study carried out on behalf of the Joint Information Services Committee (JISC)[4] demonstrated that the many benefits of ICT are being offset by ‘hidden’ environmental costs and that UK universities and colleges:
· currently use nearly 1.5 million computers, 250,000 printers and 240,000 servers;
· will have ICT-related electricity bills of around £116m in 2009; and
· are indirectly emitting over 500,000t of CO2 from ICT electricity use.
And those are just the running costs. The production, and disposal, of ICT equipment also involves the release of many hazardous substances; consumes large quantities of energy and water, generates large amounts of waste; and sometimes involves dangerous and exploitative working practices.[5]
In response to these issues and in support of JISC’s approach to addressing “Green ICT”, the Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC) is working in partnership with the Higher Education Environmental Performance Improvement (HEEPI) initiative to deliver our ICT Energy & Carbon Management Programme. Funded by the Scottish Funding Council, our two-year project started in February 2009 with the aim of promoting the use of the JISC-funded SusteIT Energy and Carbon Footprinting Tool. The activities of the project are open to all institutions but its operation involves a core group of nine institutions who have committed to measure their ICT carbon footprint and work towards agreed targets for reduced energy consumption. In return, this core group receives specialist consultancy advice on manipulating the technologies to help achieve this. The nine participants are:
· Angus College;
· Edinburgh’s Telford College;
· Stevenson College;
· West Lothian College;
· Edinburgh Napier University;
· Heriot Watt University;
· Queen Margaret University;
· University of Edinburgh; and
· University of St Andrews
Although the project is only half-way to completion we are already seeing significant benefits. For example, Angus College fast-tracked the use of the SusteIT tool and demonstrated very early on that significant energy, carbon and cost savings will be made in their use of ICT for relatively minimal capital investment. In addition, all participants are signatories of the Universities and Colleges Climate Commitment for Scotland and implementation of their Sustainable ICT Action Plans contributes towards their institutions’ delivery against the Commitment.
However, mdifying technologies is relatively simple; the real challenge is to change behaviour. According to a 2007 survey by the National Energy Foundation[6], 18% of office workers never switch off their PC at night or weekends and a further 13% leave it on some nights each week, producing a further 700,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions. These statistics relate to standard office environments so the difficulties facing universities and colleges are magnified by the need to operate some facilities (such as computer labs and research equipment) longer than average working day.
Rather than trying to change user behaviour, it may be more effective to enforce change management through the use of intelligent software. For example, software designed by the University of Liverpool [7] which automatically shuts down computer systems after usage, is saving large organisations up to £13,000 in electricity costs each month. Universities with PC centres in 24-hour libraries could be losing more than 1 million hours of unused computer power each month. Systems experts have developed new software called PowerDown, which works by automatically shutting computers down if left unused for half an hour. Tests demonstrated that 1,600 library-based PCs alone were using 20,000 kW each week unnecessarily, equating to approximately £2,400 in current electricity prices. PowerDown has so far recovered 24 million hours of PC inactivity within the University of Liverpool.
Following the introduction of the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, significant legal duties have been placed on universities and colleges to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and contribute towards Scotland ambitious targets of 42% reduction by 2020 and 80% by 2050. With many investments having carbon and cash payback periods of between 9-12 months, sustainable ICT represents the biggest quick win area for institutions in delivering sustainable development and environmental and cost efficiencies. The EAUC is pleased to be working in partnership with JISC and the Regional Support Centres to ensure colleagues have the information, the skills and the knowledge base necessary to make the critical transition to sustainable ICT.
Andrew Chamberlain
Head of UK Programmes & Scotland Manager
Environmental Association for Universities & Colleges
achamberlain@eauc.org.uk
[1] http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn319.pdf
[2]http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Information_Technology/Management/How_IT_can_cut_carbon_emissions_2221
[3] http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Information_Technology/Management/How_IT_can_cut_carbon_emissions_2221
[4] http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/documents/sustainableictoverview.aspx
[5] http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/documents/sustainableictoverview.aspx
[6] The PC Energy Report, National Energy Foundation, 2007
[7] http://www.liv.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2009/02/power-down.htm